Important factors that influence the results of blood tests
Each blood sampling situation is unique. A competent vein specialist must not only about the technical Quality skills required to collect a sample, but must also understand that many patients variables, complications and procedural errors that the integrity affect the sample or the health and safety, the patient to avoid or reduce the negative impacts.
Factors include:
Age
Some physiological functions such as renal function with age in adults. For example, creatinine clearance, a kidney Function is directly related to the age of the patient, which must be used in the calculation of test results.
Diet
Some laboratory tests are eliminated by the intake of certain foods that need the food for several days before the test involved samples collected. To For example, some methods, the occult (hidden) blood in stool specimens detect also show similar substances in meat and certain vegetables. Therefore a special diet, eliminates these foods have to be pursued for several days before collecting the sample.
Fluid intake can also affect blood composition. Excessive fluid intake can cause decreased Hgb changing levels and electrolyte balance. Consumption of caffeine has been shown to affect cortisol levels. Current alcohol consumption can also test the values, especially glucose values.
Height
Decreased oxygen in the air in the upper layers of the Causes the body to meet the body to produce more RBC oxygen requirements, the higher the level, the greater I to increase. Count it RBC and related provisions, such as hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (Hk) will have higher normal values in the higher elevations.
Daily fluctuations
Many blood components exhibit normal daily fluctuations or fluctuations during the day. Factors play a role in the daily fluctuations are activities Food, light and darkness, and sleep or wakefulness. White blood cell count, eosinophil counts, and iron is lower than in the early afternoon. Cortisol, insulin, potassium and testosterone levels are highest in the morning. Daily fluctuations can be large. For example, cortisol levels and iron levels can by 50% or more from 8.00 deviate to 04.00 clock.
Drainage
Drainage (A decrease in total body fluid), with persistent vomiting or diarrhea occurs, for example, caused hemconcentration, a condition in which blood components that can not easily leave the blood stream as a result of the smaller plasma volume be concentrated. Hemconcentration falsely raised some blood components such as red blood cells, enzymes, iron, calcium and sodium. Furthermore, it is often difficult, a to obtain blood sample from a dehydrated patient.
Fever
Fever affects the levels of a number of hormones. Hypoglycemia caused by fever increased insulin levels followed by an increase in glucagon levels. Fever also increases cortisol levels and may interfere with its normal daily cycle.
Drug Therapy
Many drugs alter physiological functions. In most cases, the effect is desired. For some people, but there are undesirable physiological effects known side effects or sensitivities. For example, thiazide diuretics often lead to increased calcium levels and can lower potassium levels . Lead Chemotherapy drugs often cause a decrease in the cells of the blood, particularly leukocytes and platelets. Numerous drugs are poisonous to the liver, leading to an increase in liver enzymes like serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (aspartate transaminase), alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH / LD). Steroids and diuretics may pancre'atitis and a rise in serum amylase and lipase values.
Drugs can also use the assay in the laboratory, which interferes with false elevations or decreases the test results. Many laboratory test procedures are based on fluorescent, chromogenic (color-producing), peroxide-generating reagent or binding reactions. A drug can compete with the test reagents for the substance to be tested caused a false negative or false low result, or the drug can improve the response, leading to a false-positive or false high result. An acronym used for substances that interfere with the test, CRUD, for "is, unfortunately, compounds react as desired. "The College of American Pathologists (CAP) has issued guidelines designed to reduce interference from drugs that are known with test procedures . Disturb
Drugs that are known to interfere with urine samples should be avoided for 48-72 hours before the urine sample collection. It is recognized by the doctor to eliminate or drug problems, but it is helpful to the technician or technicians performing the test in the laboratory, where the punctured information on the laboratory slip, is given if he or she observed drugs shortly before blood collection.
Smoking
Nicotine affects a variety of blood components. The Magnitude of the effect depends on the number of cigarettes smoked. Patients may have increased cortisol levels and white blood cell counts before sampling smoke. Chronic smoking often leads to reduced lung function and increased hemoglobin.
Exercise
The effect of exercise on blood composition depends on the duration and intensity of activity and the physical condition of the patient. However, even moderate muscular activity of a series of blood components, such as lactic acid, creatinine, to collect protein, and certain enzymes. return to normal levels of these substances will soon be completed after the activity, except of enzymes such as creatine kinase and LDH, which may remain elevated for 24 hours or more.
Sex
A patient's gender or sex has a decisive influence on the concentration of many blood constituents. Most differences are evident only after sexual maturity. The differences are in separate normal against male and female patients. For example, RBC, HGB, Hct and higher than normal values for men women.
Pregnancy
Pregnancy causes physiological changes in the body, many systems. Consequently, the results of a series of laboratory tests for the normal ranges for pregnant Populations are compared observed. For example, increases, body fluid, which are normal during pregnancy, have a dilutive effect on the red blood cells, leading to lower red blood count.
Stress
Emotional stress is in the form of fear or anxiety proved short-lived Increases in white blood cell count, decreases in serum iron, and the increase in adrenal hormone levels. For example, studies of crying infants demonstrated increases marked in white blood cell count. Counts returned to normal within 1 hour after the stopped crying. For this reason, it is best to complete blood count (CBC) and WBC samples obtained after the infant was asleep or resting quietly for at least 30 minutes. When a sample is collected, while a child cries, it should be noted on the report.
The field of psycho € Immunology (PNI) is concerned with the study of interactions between the rain, the endocrine system and the immune system. PNI studies have shown that Receptors on the cell membrane of WBC's feel stress in one person, and by promoting an increase in the number of cells responding.
Position
The patient's body position, both before and during the blood collection influenced components of blood. Going from the supine position (lying on your back) position to standing causes of the water or plasma portion of blood in the tissue filter, resulting in a decrease in plasma volume and an increase in nonfilterable elements or substances such as proteins, Calcium iron, and blood cells, which do not happen easily through the walls of blood vessels. For example, RBC count on a patient who long for about 15 minutes standing will be higher than the basal state of RBC on the same patient.
Basel State
The ideal time is to collect blood from a patient, if the patient is in a basal state. Basal state is the state of the body when a patient has refrained from strenuous exercise and has taken no food or Beverages except water for 12 hours (fasting). Collect a basal condition minimizes sample or eliminated the impact of nutrition, exercise and other controllable Factors on the test results and also provides the ideal model for the construction of reference ranges or normal values for laboratory tests on stationary.
About the Author
David Crawford is the CEO and owner of a Natural Male Enhancement company known as Male Enhancement Group which is dedicated to researching and comparing male enhancement products in order to determine which male enhancement product is safer and more effective than other products on the market. Copyright 2009 David Crawford of http://www.maleenhancementgroup.com/. This article may be freely distributed if this resource box stays attached.
